Puzzler...

Most of you got the right answer to last week's puzzler: the orange and yellow flames in a wood fire are caused by particles (mainly carbon) heated to incandescance. The physics of burning wood is far more complex than you might think at first glance. The actual combustion that takes place happens between gases, including ordinarily solid materials that are heated to the point where they change state into a gas. If you see blue flames, that's actually a direct result of combustion – but much of the combustion takes place without emitting any light at all in the visible spectrum. Where things get really complicated is the conversion of the cold, solid wood into superheated gases ready to combust. The simplistic picture is a combination of radiant head and convective heat (from the gas combustion) heats the wood to the point where it decomposes to simpler compounds or elements, in gaseous form. The details are far more complex, and still not completely understood...

This week's puzzler is technological:

Up until the late 1960s, most electronic devices employed vacuum tube amplifiers as their fundamental component. These vacuum tubes were one of the first “high-tech” devices manufactured in very high volumes. There were several challenges in their manufacture, but one of the big ones was how to produce the extremely high-quality vacuum inside the tubes. How did they actually accomplish this?

As usual, no fair googling until after you've answered...

Voting Guide...

Simple, short one-page guide to the candidates and their positions.

Quote of the Day...

Peggy Noonan, in today's Wall Street Journal:

As a conservative I would say Ted Kennedy has spent much of his career being not just wrong about the issues but so deeply wrong, so consistently and reliably wrong that it had a kind of grandeur to it. So wrong that I cannot actually think of a single serious policy question on which I agreed with him.

Grandiose wrongness. Perfect.

North Pole...

More images and great science from MESSENGER on its recent fly-by of Mercury:

As MESSENGER sped by Mercury on January 14, 2008, the Narrow Angle Camera (NAC) of the Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS) captured this shot looking toward Mercury's north pole. The surface shown in this image is from the side of Mercury not previously seen by spacecraft. The top right of this image shows the limb of the planet, which transitions into the terminator (the line between the sunlit, day side and the dark, night side) on the top left of the image. Near the terminator, the Sun illuminates surface features at a low angle, casting long shadows and causing height differences of the surface to appear more prominent in this region.

You can read all about it here.

Two Houses...

Consider these two houses:

House #1:

A 20 room mansion (not including 8 bathrooms ) heated by natural gas. Add on a pool (and a pool house) and a separate guest house, all heated by gas. In one month this residence consumes more energy than the average American household does in a year. The average bill for electricity and natural gas runs over $2400. In natural gas alone, this property consumes more than 20 times the national average for an American home. This house is not situated in a Northern or Midwestern 'snow belt' area. It's in the South.

House #2:

Designed by an architecture professor at a leading national university. This house incorporates every 'green' feature current home construction can provide. The house is 4,000 square feet (4 bedrooms) and is nestled on a high prairie in the American southwest. A central closet in the house holds geothermal heat-pumps drawing ground water through pipes sunk 300 feet into the ground.

The water (usually 67 degrees F.) heats the house in the winter and cools it in the summer. The system uses no fossil fuels such as oil or natural gas and it consumes one-quarter electricity required for a conventional heating/cooling system.. Rainwater from the roof is collected and funneled into a 25,000 gallon underground cistern. Wastewater from showers, sinks and toilets goes in to underground purifying tanks and then into the cistern. The collected water then irrigates the land surrounding the house. Surrounding flowers and shrubs native to the area enable the property to blend into the surrounding rural landscape.

Guess which home belongs to an (alleged) environmentalist, and which one belongs to an (alleged) despoiler of nature?

House #1 belongs to Al (“The Goracle”) Gore, who loudly proclaims his concern for Mother Earth at every possible opportunity.

House #2 belongs to President George W. Bush, cited far and wide in the environmentalist-wacko left as “Public Enemy Number One”.

Sounds like an incovenient truth to me!

Verified by Snopes, passed along by my mom (who is becoming source #1 for this blog!)...

Political Afterlife...

Now why does this parable resonate so strongly?

While walking down the street one day a US senator is tragically hit by a truck and dies. His soul arrives in heaven and is met by St. Peter at the entrance.

"Welcome to heaven," says St. Peter. "Before you settle in, it seems there is a problem. We seldom see a high official around these parts, you see, so we're not sure what to do with you."

"No problem, just let me in," says the man.

"Well, I'd like to, but I have orders from higher up. What we'll do is have you spend one day in hell and one in heaven. Then you can choose where to spend eternity."

"Really, I've made up my mind. I want to be in heaven," says the senator.

"I'm sorry, but we have our rules."

And with that, St. Peter escorts him to the elevator and he goes down, down, down to hell. The doors open and he finds himself in the middle of a green golf course. In the distance is a clubhouse and standing in front of it are all his friends and other politicians who had worked with him.

Everyone is very happy and in evening dress. They run to greet him, shake his hand, and reminisce about the good times they had while getting rich at the expense of the people. They play a friendly game of golf and then dine on lobster, caviar and champagne. Also present is the devil, who really is a very friendly guy who has a good time dancing and telling jokes. They are having such a good time that before he realizes it, it is time to go. Everyone gives him a hearty farewell and waves while the elevator rises...

The elevator goes up, up, up and the door reopens on heaven where St. Peter is waiting for him.

"Now it's time to visit heaven."

So, 24 hours pass with the senator joining a group of contented souls moving from cloud to cloud, playing the harp and singing. They have a good time and, before he realizes it, the 24 hours have gone by and St. Peter returns.

"Well, then, you've spent a day in hell and another in heaven. Now choose your eternity."

The senator reflects for a minute, then he answers: "Well, I would never have said it before, I mean heaven has been delightful, but I think I would be better off in hell."

So St. Peter escorts him to the elevator and he goes down, down, down to hell.

Now the doors of the elevator open and he's in the middle of a barren land covered with waste and garbage.

He sees all his friends, dressed in rags, picking up the trash and putting it in black bags as more trash falls from above.

The devil comes over to him and puts his arm around his shoulder. "I don't understand," stammers the senator. "Yesterday I was here and there was a golf course and clubhouse, and we ate lobster and caviar, drank champagne, and danced and had a great time. Now there's just a wasteland full of garbage and my friends look miserable. What happened?"

The devil looks at him, smiles and says, "Yesterday we were campaigning... Today you voted."

Gee, I wonder...

My mother is channeling Ronald Reagan, I think – today's morning laugh comes via her, from one of the most Democratic states in the country...

More Political Snark...

Would you like a short phrase that describes the three viable Democratic candidates (Hillary Rodham Clinton, Barack Hussein Obama, and Johnny Reid Edwards)? How about this one:

A mother, a brother, and an ...other.

Heh.

And yes, those are their real names.

Via the indispensable Mayor of Dehesa, Jimmy Valentine (producer of the Roger Hedgecock show).

Bumper Snicker...

Reported from the corrupt liberal bastion of New Jersey, which makes it all the more wonderful:

Monica Lewinsky's ex-boyfriend's wife for President

Thanks for the belly laugh, mom...

Four Years on Mars...

About four years ago, NASA landed two robotic explorers on the surface of Mars: Spirit and Opportunity. Preceding those missions was a string of high-profile failures, some mysterious, some turning out to be simple human error. All were very embarrassing for NASA.

The hope was that with two entirely separate explorers, the chances were good that at least one would be successful – but both of them made it to Mars in one piece, and were competely functional. NASA's goal was for these explorers to survive 90 days on the surface, driving around and sending back scientific data. When both of them were still working after 90 days, the team got more funding and they kept on going. That's been repeated several times now, and four years later – more than 16 times the design life expectancy – both explorers are still going. It's been an amazing technological success, and a far richer source of solid science than anyone dared dream at the mission's inception.

At upper right is a recent panorama taken by Spirt, showing the scene from the Columbia Hills. It's parked for the Martian winter right now, conserving power until the sun shines brightly again. Spirit's in reasonably good shape; it's major problem is one dragging wheel – but it's got five more that let it keep right on truckin'. At lower right is a recent panorama taken by Opportunity – nearly on the opposite side of Mars from Spirit, near Victoria Crater (visible near the horizon). Opportunity has no major problems at all, and plans are for it to aggressively explore the inside of Victoria Crater, taking risks now that mission planners wouldn't even have considered earlier in the mission.

These two intrepid explorers (and their Earth-bound controllers) get very little attention in the media these days. I guess they're boring to most people. They have returned far more science with their sustained explorations than any manned mission would, for a tiny fraction of the cost of a manned mission. Frankly, I'm surprised (but delighted!) that NASA has funded this unexpectedly long mission – they're so focused on manned space exploration that any such robotic mission is always at risk of being de-funded (and missions that have yet to fly are always at risk of being canceled, as so many already have been).

More like this, please, NASA...

Photographs As Art...

Rick Lee is a professional photographer based in West Virginia. He keeps a blog called “On Location With Rick Lee” that I try to visit every day – his beautiful photos, usually of everyday subjects (including a regular Thursday feature of produce in the grocery store!), are a source of inspiration for this amateur.

Yesterday Rick did something very different – he experimented with photographing smoke (from incense). You can read how he did it (and see more examples) here. You can also see what inspired him here (I couldn't get the photos to come up, but the text describes the process).

This was Rick's first attempt! Just imagine what his tenth attempt might look like...

Puzzler...

Less than half of you got last the correct answer to week's puzzler (and I got one complaint about the obscurity of the question!).

Trofim Lysenko was a biologist working in the Soviet Union from about 1925 through the 1960s (he died in 1976). He promoted the notion of inheritence of acquired characteristics – an idea that was popular prior to the early 1900s, when science started to understand genetics. A simple example of inheritance of acquired characteristics: if you wanted pigs without tails, you'd cut off the tails of a male and female pig, breed them, and their descendants would have shorter tails. Lysenko (and other proponents of the inheritance of acquired characteristics) were not at all put off by the total failure of experiments to produce such results – they had an endless stream of explanations and flawed experiments “proving” the theory.

But Lysenko's main skills weren't scientific at all: they were political. By 1948 he managed to promote his ideas so effectively within Stalin's Soviet Union that he persuaded Stalin to legislate the “correctness” of his theories – outlawing Mendeleevian inheritance (modern genetics) in the process. Thousands of biologists were imprisoned or sent to gulags; hundreds died. Soviet biology, as a direct consequence, was set back decades, and was the laughingstock of the west. Not until 1964 – long after Stalin's death – was the official mandate for Lysenkoism removed, and not until then were Soviet biologist free to pursue modern genetics. It was a disastrous example of politicized science. Think about that, and then consider what has happened over the past few years with respect to the science of global warming. Political suppression of scientific debate is dangerous, and we have a frightening example of why in our recent history…

This week's puzzler is a science question: when wood is burning in a fireplace, you can see yellow or orange flames, sometimes blue flames, and red or orange embers. What is actually causing those yellow or orange flames?

Fly-By Data...

I've posted several times about the MESSENGER robotic explorer's fly-by of the planet Mercury earlier this week. The data (including images) are now safely back here on Earth, and the MESSENGER team has started posting them. It's already clear that the fly-by was a complete success – both for the technology and for the science results.

NASA's prowess with highly-reliable robotics has allowed them to make use of slower but much more efficient courses, leveraging fly-bys of planets as “slingshots” to change the spacecraft's speed without the use of rockets. In the case of MESSENGER, the spacecraft has “fallen” from the dizzying heights of Earth (above the sun) down to the lowly altitude of Mercury, and in the process it picked up a lot of speed (its potential energy converted to kinetic energy). The multiple fly-bys of Mercury are reducing its speed with only trivial use of its rockets (for navigation). The end result of this technique is that the spacecraft itself can be much larger and heavier than it could with any sort of direct-flight course. The earlier missions (such as Cassini-Huygens) that used this slingshot technique were real edge-of-the-seat cliff-hangers, as there was some perfectly reasonable doubt that NASA could pull off the missions that lasted a decade or more, and that required fantastical feats of navigation and course control. They've proven it now, though, and made it seem almost routine...

About the photo above (click on it for a larger version):

Shortly following MESSENGER’s closest approach to Mercury on January 14, 2008, the spacecraft’s Narrow Angle Camera (NAC) on the Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS) instrument acquired this image as part of a mosaic that covers much of the sunlit portion of the hemisphere not viewed by Mariner 10. Images such as this one can be read in terms of a sequence of geological events and provide insight into the relative timing of processes that have acted on Mercury's surface in the past.

The double-ringed crater pictured in the lower left of this image appears to be filled with smooth plains material, perhaps volcanic in nature. This crater was subsequently disrupted by the formation of a prominent scarp (cliff), the surface expression of a major crustal fault system, that runs alongside part of its northern rim and may have led to the uplift seen across a portion of the crater’s floor. A smaller crater in the lower right of the image has also been cut by the scarp, showing that the fault beneath the scarp was active after both of these craters had formed. The MESSENGER team is working to combine inferences about the timing of events gained from this image with similar information from the hundreds of other images acquired by MESSENGER to extend and refine the geological history of Mercury previously defined on the basis only of Mariner 10 images.

This MESSENGER image was taken from a distance of about 18,000 kilometers (11,000 miles) from the surface of Mercury, at 20:03 UTC, about 58 minutes after the closest approach point of the flyby. The region shown is about 500 kilometers (300 miles) across, and craters as small as 1 kilometer (0.6 mile) can be seen in this image.

Hats off to the entire MESSENGER team – a fantastic accomplishment!

Quote of the Day...

From Roger Simon of Pajamas Media:

While watching the endless pundit blather on TV tonight after the Republican Michigan Primary and Democratic Nevada Debate and reading the various opinion meisters commentaries online, I had one of those rare zen moments of simplicity. It all comes down to a simple question:

Who would you like to be in the White House if Pakistan fell to al Qaeda and the Islamists gained control of its nuclear arsenal?

Answer that question and you will know your candidate. All the rest, as they say, is commentary.

What he said...

Orlosky Trial...

Just over a year ago (On December 1, 2006), Bob Orlosky shot and killed Charles Crow. Both men lived in Jamul. See these posts for more detailed information from the period immediately following the shooting. Yesterday his trial for murder began:

No one disputes that a heavy-construction contractor opened fire with a semi-automatic rifle on three men who drove onto his Jamul property in December 2006, killing one and wounding another.

In a trial that began Tuesday, a jury in El Cajon Superior Court must decide whether Joseph Robert “Bob” Orlosky shot the men for no real reason, as prosecutors contend, or if he was trying to stop copper thieves who nearly ran him down, as his lawyer maintains.

Just about everybody who's heard about this shooting has speculated on the motives. The speculations range from Bob Orlosky essentially killing for sport all the way to Charles Crow (and the two other men with him) trying to steal valuable scrap metal from Orlosky, and him acting purely in self-defense. Those two extremes are in fact the positions that the defense and prosecution (respectively) seem to have staked out.

From where I sit, the truth is unknowable – I simply don't have some very basic facts available to me. For instance, I still don't know for certain whether The jeep that Crow and his companions were riding in contained any metal stolen from Orlosky's property. So I'm just waiting for some facts to emerge from the trial…

This story has special significance for my wife and I: Bob Orlosky's property is less than a mile from our home, just a short drive away. If the prosecution's portrait of Orlosky is the true one, then we want this murderer safely (or permanently) put away. On the other hand, if the defense has the true story, then we're very concerned about our own rights to defend our life and property. So we're most interested in the outcome of this trial, and the facts that emerge from it…

Cal Johnson, Part IV...

I've posted about Cal Johnson several times before. Eight months ago (last May 22), he was arrested and accused of kidnapping and torturing his wife of 23 years. His wife posted comments on two of my posts (linked above), supporting her husband and painting a story of a good man addled by drugs.

Today Cal Johnson pled not guilty to all 18 charges brought against him:

Judge Allan Preckel found sufficient evidence to bind over Cal C. Johnson, 47, on 18 counts ranging from assault and battery to deadly threats. Johnson is accused of abducting his wife and shocking her with a stun gun because he believed she was having an affair.

I don't have the faintest idea where this case is going to end up, nor do I have a strong idea about where I think it should end up. Read my earlier posts to see why this case is so complex and confusing...

Incidently, the article I excerpted and linked to above is posted on NBC 39's web site. In that article, they excerpted my earlier blog post (with Mrs. Johnson's comments). In doing so, they excerpted and modified Mrs. Johnson's remarks -- mainly to elide some derogatory things she had to say about a channel 39 reporter! They also neglected to give me credit for the post, or the common courtesy of a link. This is a common practice on the lamestream media, unfortunately – it's happened to me a half-dozen or so times now. In fact, the only time the mainstream media has ever credited my blog was during the Harris Fire, when they published a link to the Lyons Peak cameras whose photos I was enhancing in near-realtime. In my own experience, it's very rare for a blogger to fail to give credit to a source. Who's the more professional lot?

Mercury!

The MESSENGER robotic explorer has completed its first fly-by of Mercury, and is now returning the data it gathered. At right is one of the first images it sent back, including about half the surface of the planet that has never had high-resolution images made of it before. The many instruments on MESSENGER collected a lot of data on this brief fly-by, and it will take some days before it all gets back to Earth and “digested”. Scientists will be studying it for years to come...

More of these, please, NASA – and less of the incredibly expensive and not-very-productive manned missions. Please.

Click on the image at right for a (much) larger version...

Tipping Point...

This one is purely for fun...

Guinness: Tipping Point

MESSENGER Mercury Fly-By Is TODAY!

Just after 11 am Pacific Time today, the MESSENGER robotic space explorer hits a major milestone, with its first fly-by of its target planet: Mercury. This will be the first visit to Mercury by any man-made machine in over 30 years, since a relatively primitive Mariner mission. The image at right was taken yesterday, as the spacecraft approached Mercury.

The MESSENGER team issued this press release today:

Today, January 14, 2008, at 19:04:39 UTC (2:04:39 pm EST), MESSENGER will experience its closest approach to Mercury, passing just 200 kilometers (124 miles) above the planet's surface. As the MESSENGER spacecraft continues to speed toward Mercury, the Narrow Angle Camera, part of the Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS) instrument, acquired this crescent view of Mercury. The image was taken on January 13, 2008, when the spacecraft was at a distance of about 760,000 kilometers (470,000 miles) from Mercury. Mercury is about 4880 kilometers (about 3030 miles) in diameter, and the smallest feature visible in this image is about 20 kilometers (12 miles) across.

During the historic flyby encounter today, extensive scientific data will be gathered. The MDIS instrument will acquire over 1200 images of Mercury, including images of portions of the surface never before viewed by a spacecraft. The MDIS instrument is just one member of a whole suite of instruments that will be used to study Mercury during the flyby. The Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer (MASCS) will observe Mercury's surface as well as its tenuous atmosphere. The MESSENGER Magnetometer (MAG) will accurately measure Mercury's magnetic field, and the Energetic Particle and Plasma Spectrometer (EPPS) will characterize Mercury's space environment and interactions with the solar wind. The Mercury Laser Altimeter (MLA) will sense surface topography along a narrow profile. The Gamma-Ray and Neutron Spectrometer (GRNS) and X-Ray Spectrometer (XRS) will make the first measurements of Mercury’s surface elemental composition.

MESSENGER will begin to transmit the new data to Earth once all of the scientific measurements are completed, about 22 hours after the spacecraft's closest approach to Mercury. These flyby data will shed light on fundamental scientific questions related to the formation and evolution of the planet Mercury. As scientists analyze the data, the MESSENGER spacecraft will continue on its planned journey, which includes two more encounters of Mercury in October 2008 and September 2009, before entering an orbit around Mercury in March 2011.

Visit the fly-by page anytime after the encounter; it will be updated frequently as new images and information are received. Visit the main page to read more about the MESSENGER mission.

Local Hero...

I have not heard of Sgt. Kristopher Kane of El Cajon before I read this story about his actions:

On the morning of Nov. 10 that year, Kane and his platoon, C Company, 1st Battalion, 3rd Marines, were in Fallujah to retake the city from insurgents. While his platoon was resting overnight in a guarded building, the building next door was attacked.

Soon his platoon was in a fierce battle, according to military documents and an account in a Marine Corps newsletter.

Kane protected his fellow Marines from gunfire, including some already wounded. When the grenades Kane threw failed to stop the insurgents, his lieutenant, Dustin Shumney, sent in a bulldozer to take down a portion of the house.

The house fell down around Kane, the rubble crushing his right leg. He continued to fight despite the injury. He was sent to hospitals in Germany and then San Diego before spending a month recuperating at his father's house.

Kane is being honored in a way I haven't seen before:

Kane was decorated for his actions with a Silver Star, the U.S. military's third-highest honor for valor. And his picture is on a downtown El Cajon billboard – part of the year-old Hometown Marines program, which honors military heroes in the towns they are from.

The billboard, unveiled last month, is one of fewer than a dozen nationwide and the first in San Diego County. It can be seen on eastbound East Main Street near the Prescott Promenade.

I am really glad to see this sort of program in place, to give these warriors the recognition they so greatly deserve…

Kudos to Liz Neely and the San Diego Union-Tribune for such positive coverage of this story.

Hiring A Programmer...

Here's an excellent guide to hiring a programmer, full of advice that resonates strongly with my own experience. Here's #2 of 6 indicators, as a sample:

#2 : Self-teaching and love of learning

Programming is the ultimate moving target. Not a year goes by without some new technology robbing an old, established standard blind and changing half the development universe. This is not to say that all good programmers pick up these changes and ride the bleeding edge. However, there’s a class of programmers that will never, ever pick up a new technology unless forced to, because they don’t like learning new stuff. These programmers will typically have learnt programming at university, and expect to get by on whatever skills they picked up there, plus whatever courses their company is willing to send them on.

If you’re thinking of hiring someone as a programmer, and he ever utters the words “I can work with that, just send me on a training course for a week and I’ll be good at it”, don’t hire that guy. A good programmer doesn’t need a training course to learn a new technology. In fact, the great programmer will be the one talking your ear off about a new technology that you haven’t even heard of, explaining to you why you must use it in your business, even if none of your staff knows how to use it. Even if it’s a technology he doesn’t know how to use yet.

Now go read the whole thing!